Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.     

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...     

几种常见桑树病害的识别与防治

桑树是蚕桑产业的重要物质基础。为确保桑树健康成长,促进产业发展,桑树病害的有效识别与及时防控尤为重要。真核微生物、原核微生物及非细胞类病毒中均存在能引发桑树传染性病害的病原微生物。其中由真核微生物引起的桑里白粉病与桑椹菌核病,原核微生物引起的桑青枯病与桑疫病是爆发频繁、危害极大的桑树病害。本文就这四种桑树病害的病原、侵染循环、病害识别及防治方法等进行系统梳理,并简要介绍几种非细胞类微生物引起的桑树病害,以期为生产上防治相关病害提供参考。     

Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β-tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.     

基于计算机视觉识别技术的甘蔗种植机械化研究

针对当前甘蔗种植机械化现状,优化机具设计,并应用计算机视觉识别技术,自动识别切种长度,预切甘蔗种,以便实现精密化、机械化的甘蔗种植。在计算机视觉识别技术支持下优化设计甘蔗种植设备,不仅可提升识别甘蔗茎节的正确率(提升80%),还可以提升甘蔗种植效益(提升20%),取得较好的经济效益。为此,设计了基于计算机视觉识别技术甘的蔗种植机械化设备,可提升甘蔗种植机械化水平,提高甘蔗预切种正确率,提升甘蔗机械化种植效益,产生积极影响。     

基于流固耦合的除杂风机应力应变及模态研究

叶轮是除杂风机的重要部件之一,叶轮在运行中的应力应变对除杂风机的安全运行有着重要的影响,而叶轮振动是风机的常见故障,所以流固耦合条件下的除杂风机叶轮变形及振动分析对甘蔗收获机除杂风机的安全有着重要的意义。为此,采用有限元分析软件Ansys Workbench对除杂风机叶轮进行了单向流固耦合计算分析,结果表明:叶轮在流固耦合作用下会发生弯曲扭振变形,最大应力分布在叶片与轮毂的交界处,最大应变分布在叶片外缘处;所设计的叶轮最大应力为21.48MPa,小于材料极限应力,而工作转速也远离振动转速,均满足工作要求。该研究为甘蔗收获机的除杂风机设计提供了参考。     

甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机单边平底开沟装置的设计

针对南方甘蔗产区开展实施的甘蔗叶粉碎深埋技术,研制了一种甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机。本文重点设计了机具的单边平底开沟装置以适合南方砖红壤的条件要求,确定了开沟装置的结构参数;并通过扭柱型犁体曲面设计,增强了翻土和碎土能力。田间试验表明:甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机通过性良好;开沟装置开沟平均深度为39.95cm,底部宽度为25.03cm,上底宽为49.85cm,回土深度为11cm,开沟性能良好,工作可靠,能够满足甘蔗叶深埋技术要求。     

滇朴干基腐朽病发生规律及综合防治

对滇朴干基腐朽病的调查、室内保湿培养、分离鉴定结果表明：引起滇朴干基腐朽的病原为伏革菌科隔孢伏革菌属的乳白隔孢伏革菌。该病害的发生随温度的升高、树龄的增长、降水的减少而逐渐严重，在土壤瘠薄、保水能力差的区域内发病严重。药剂防治80d后，用急救回生丹：金雷：水=1：1：50树干注射、包干的相对防效达86％；枝、干、叶喷70％甲基托布津＋杀毒矾700倍液的相对防效为79％；根部浇灌58％的雷多米尔＋杀毒矾800倍液的相对防效为81％。